The Leopard seal, killer whales, and the Antarctic Fur Seal prey on adult macaroni penguins, while the eggs and young ones are preyed upon by the Giant Petrels, the Kelp Gull, and the Skua. They are threatened by the rising temperatures of the sea-surface due to global warming, marine pollution, and commercial fishing. Their species have been declared 'vulnerable' by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.